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United States v. Grimaud
''United States v. Grimaud'' is a 1911 case in which a shepherd named Pierre Grimaud's small case of trespassing became an issue that needed to be resolved by the Supreme Court. Not wanting to face the accusation, Grimaud appealed to the higher courts that the United States government did not have the right to delegate their power to the forest rangers in the way that they did. That in order for him to be caught trespassing on national property, it had to be by a national official, not a local park ranger. He would eventually lose his case, but not before taking it all the way to America’s highest governing body.
==Back story==
For years, shepherds in California had witnessed the establishment of forest reserves over a span of roughly ten years. In this time, the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 was established after wealthy capitalists from the northeast failed to monopolize the ranching industry. As a result, it left shepherds with less and less land to let their sheep graze, and this did not sit well with many of them.
Six years later, Congress enacted the Organic Act of 1897. This law “granted management authority to the United States Department of the Interior, then the nation’s sole custodian of the public domain. As part of this process, rangers were hired, and regulations were set for the use of these reserves’ various resources. When in 1905 the United States Forest Service was established as part of the United States Department of Agriculture, and the nation’s forests transferred to its care, the number of rangers increased again, the permitting process intensified, and the related rules and fees were published widely.〔("How Counting Sheep Saved the U.S. Forest Service" )〕” The new rules angered the shepherds, farmers, ranchers, miners, etc. especially those who were around when the land wasn’t protected by the government. It got to a point where these members of society began to directly defy the authority of these agencies. Miners sneaked onto reserves to pan for gold, loggers secretly harvested timber, and ranchers sneaked various livestock into and out of these protected lands. The case of the United States versus Pierre Grimaud begins in what is now Oakhurst, California. Pierre was one of these agitated workers; he just wasn’t lucky enough to break the law undetected.
In the early 20th-century, Pierre Grimaud – a farmer and shepherd – who, with his partner PJ Carajous, attempted to sneak his flock of sheep into the Sierra Forest Reserve. On his endeavor to find a good spot for his sheep to graze, he was stopped by a forest ranger who asked to see Grimaud’s permit. Once it was revealed that Grimaud did not have a permit, and was essentially trespassing, the forest ranger arrested him and took him to court.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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